三后卫的奥秘
Calcio Coaching: The three man defenceForza Italian Football is pleased to bring its readers a regular new feature – Il Mister. Our experts will endeavour to show you all the methods and tactical secrets employed by Serie A’s best football coaches.
Serie A’s current trend of deploying a defensive back three is not an innovative strategy, having already been used extensively in the late 1990s and the turn of the new century. Dino Zoff used it effectively during Euro 2000 (reaching the final) but after falling out of favour for a number of seasons, the tactic is now back ‘en vogue’ in the Italian top flight. Coaches such as Walter Mazzarri, Francesco Guidolin, Antonio Conte, Roberto Donadoni, Alberto Zaccheroni and Gian Piero Gasperini all currently favour this tactic.
We shall now endeavour to understand how it works, uncovering its strengths as well as its weaknesses.
The main point to remember when discussing the three man defence is that a team does not actually defend with three players! It will be down to the coach to decide how many men must be behind the ball when out of possession, and that will usually mean the majority of the midfield. So, Udinese for example, who employ a 3-5-1-1 formation usually defend with at least seven players, allowing the front two and perhaps one of the wide midfielders to remain in a more advanced position to help with the transition from defence to attack. Napoli however, are much more aggressive when they lose the ball and will expect their strikers to be the first line of defence when possession is lost.
Principles of a three man back line
The three man back line relies on the following:
• The team must be compact in all areas to allow the three centre backs to organise themselves
• Pressing and pressure work from attackers and midfielders to allow defenders time to find correct position
• Immediate ‘pushing up’ of defensive line once ball is played away from goal
• Offside tactic played only when ball is moving away from goal as an act of pressing rather than when the opponent is moving towards goal in an attempt to try and win an offside decision
• Attempt to funnel opponents play through the middle where the team will have a numerical advantage
With the above considerations in mind the coach must decide how he wants his back three to defend. He has the option of a normal zonal defence, a more rigid man marking or a combination of the two.
Image 1
With man to man marking, two of the three defenders will pick up the opponents forwards whilst the third centre back will act as cover. This means that the defenders should always be 2v1 against the striker, which is a big advantage. This is most effective when the attack is coming from a central area. See image 1.
With a zonal style, the backline will be expected to slide across the width of the pitch, and the wing back from the ‘weak side’ (the side opposite to where the ball is) to fall back and take up a defensive position. See image number 2, which shows the left wing back drop to fill the gap alongside the centre backs.
Image 2
As mentioned previously, a three man defence is heavily reliant on the rest of the team participating in the defensive phase. Here we shall show two instances of a defensive shape that a coach would expect his team to take up depending on whether he wanted a high pressure or a low pressure style.
Again, situations dictate when these two options would be used. High pressure (see image 3) when the players are fresh and the game is still in its early stage or if you are losing and want to take a risk. Low pressure (see image 4) would be used if players are tiring or you are trying to contain a result by making the space between the defenders and the goalkeeper much smaller.
High pressure will try to win the ball back in a more advanced position, therefore being closer to the opponents goal when you win possession. Low pressure will allow the opponent to get closer but with less space to play in. If the attack and midfield fail to participate properly in this defensive phase, the three center backs would become very exposed, as we shall see later.
The underpinnings of the defensive three are not altogether different to a back four. The main advantage of using three centre backs is in the attacking phase, especially if you have strong wing backs. Napoli are at their most dangerous when players like Christian Maggio and Juan Zuniga attack the wide spaces. Udinese have their own double act in Pablo Armero and Dusan Basta, whose inexhaustible energy supplies allow them to support the attacks well as the defence.
However, this tactic like any other, has its weaknesses which can be exploited. Most notably, a striker that is able to move out wide at the right time, can take a centre back with him allowing the opposite side winger to cut into the centre where he can attack the space vacated by the defender. In image 5, Alberto Zaccheroni’s Inter (yellow) are in trouble as Lazio (in dark blue) have pulled two defenders towards their forward who is wide left. This allows a central midfield player and a winger to get in behind the Inter midfield and create a 4v3 situation on the edge of the box. The Lazio player on the ball has no pressure to worry about and can advance easily, giving him many options to pass the ball. The low pressure defensive strategy has failed and their is a risk of allowing an attempt on goal. Perhaps in this situation a back four would have been more effective, as the centre back would not have needed to move over to the right side.
Secondly, the big gaps that would normally be patrolled by a left or right back can be attacked especially if one of the wing backs fails to drop in and cover the space (see image 6).
This is the most obvious weakness of any formation which deploys three centre backs and it is doomed to failure unless pure wing backs are used to play on the flanks. It relies on the energy levels of the wide players to cover the whole length of the field. Without this type of player it is not a tactic that should be used.
Image 6
The weaknesses are not so much with the strategy; but the failure for players to take up the correct positions or in other the words the human element to the game.
Perhaps that is the whole beauty of football and tactics, nothing is guaranteed to be effective every time and coaches and players must continue to work hard in training to synchronise movements as best they can.
A team can never think it has mastered a particular formation and neither can it believe it has the perfect solution to every game. Mistakes will, sooner or later, happen and the team will concede.
Understanding his squad and the capabilities of his players are probably the most important traits of any coach when deciding on which formation to use.
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意甲当今大行其道的三后卫战术并非是什么战略上的创新，三后卫战术早在90年代后期到新世纪初就被广泛采用。迪诺.佐夫在2000年欧洲杯期间就出色了运用了三后卫的战术并且带领意大利走到了决赛。但三后卫战术在仅仅几个赛季之后就开始没落，而在如今的意大利顶级赛事中却又有复兴的势头。马扎里，圭多林，孔蒂，罗那多尼，扎切罗尼以及加斯佩里尼等教练们纷纷开始采用三后卫战术。
我们现在应该努力去了解三后卫战术是如何运作的，认清它的长处当然也包括弱点。
在讨论三后卫体系之前必须记住的的重要一点是球队并不真的只是以三个人来完成防守！在失去球权时，究竟有多少名球员在球的后方进行防守完全取决于教练的安排，通常教练们会选择保持中场人数上的优势。以乌迪内斯为例，采取3-5-1-1阵型的乌迪内斯至少有7人会投入防守，同时两名前锋，有时还包括其中一名的中场边翼保持在前场位置帮助球队完成攻防转换。那不勒斯则在失去球权时更具侵略性，他们的前锋积极的反抢构成了丢球之后的第一道防线。
三人防线的几条原则
三后卫防线依赖于以下几条原则：
·全队在场上的每个区域都必须保持紧凑的阵型以便三名中后卫能够组织好防线
·前锋和中场球员必须压迫对手帮助防守球员争取时间进入正确的防守位置
·一旦皮球远离本方球门，后防线立即前压
·只有当压迫对手使球远离本方球门时才采取造越位战术，不在对方持球向球门方向进攻试图反越位时使用越位陷阱
·尝试后撤防守吸引对手进入本方具有人数优势的区域
考虑以上各条，教练必须决定他的三后卫如何防守。他可以选择：1.普通的区域防守；2.派一名固定的球员去盯防；3.以上两种防守方式的融合
若采取人盯人的防守方式，三名后卫中的二人会紧跟对方的前锋，第三人坐镇中间覆盖他们身后的区域。这样一来防守球员能始终保持2对1的巨大优势。当对方的攻击来自中路时，这是最有效的防守方式，参见图1
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如果使用的是区域防守，整条后防线应该整体移动来填补场地宽度，弱侧（对方持球的边路相对的另一边）的边翼队员回撤并占据一个防守位置。如图2所示，左边卫回撤填补了中后卫身旁的空当.
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正如之前所提到的，三后卫的防守体系严重依赖于队伍的其他人共同参与防守。接下来我们将展示当教练希望他的球队采取高压防守或是较缓和的压迫（后撤防守）时分别采取的两个防守阵型.
如何在这两者之间选择依旧取决于场上情况。高压防守（见图3）常用于比赛刚刚开始，队员体力充沛或者你的球员正处于落后，想要冒险赌一把的时候。当防守压迫力度降低（图4）时通常意味着你的球员已经十分疲劳，或者你想要通过压缩防线和守门员之间的空间来保住当前的战果.
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http://www.zuitiyu.com/data/uploads/2012/1026/09/5089ee4cebe12.jpg
高压防守试图在更为靠近前场的位置赢回控球权，以便在夺回皮球时能更接近对方的球门。后撤防守将会使对手更靠近球门，但给予对手发挥的空间也小得多。之后我们将看到，一旦进攻球员和中场没能恰当的完成自己的防守职责，三名中后卫就将完全暴露在对手的攻击之下。
三后卫防守体系的基础并非完全与四后卫不同。使用三后卫体系的主要优点却是在进攻层面上，特别是当你坐拥强力边翼的时候。马乔和祖尼加在边路畅通无阻，这也正是那不勒斯最具威胁的地方。乌迪内斯同样拥有阿尔梅罗和巴斯塔，两人似乎永不枯竭的能量支撑着他们在攻防两端的出色表现。
然而，三后卫的体系就像其他战术一样亦有可以利用的弱点。尤为明显的就是当对方的一名前锋若能懂得在恰当的时机扯边，将一名中后卫带离防守位置，所暴露的防区空当会让对方的边路球员不会吹灰之力的切入禁区。在图5中，扎切罗尼所带领的国际米兰（黄色）正陷入麻烦之中，拉齐奥（深蓝色）一名向场地左端移动的前锋牵扯了国际米兰两名防守球员的注意力，使得拉齐奥一名中场中路球员和一名边锋得以插入国米中场防线身后造成禁区边缘上4打3的情况。拉齐奥的拿球队员没有受到任何压力，可以轻松地持球前。这使他在出球路线上有着多种选择。国米防线后撤的防守策略就此失败，而且他们的球门正面临着被攻破的危险。或许在这种情况下四人防线是更好的选择，这样中后卫就不需要移动到右边路来进行盯防。
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其次，三中卫两侧巨大的空当将会很容易成为对方攻击的重点，特别是本方的边卫没有及时后撤来覆盖这一区域的时候（见图6）。
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无论采取怎样的阵型，这都是使用三后卫战术时最明显的弱点。除非是纯正的边后卫占据边路的位置，否则这样的弱点注定会被对手利用。想要覆盖整个球场长度必须依赖于球员的体能，若是队中没有这种类型的球员，就不应该使用三后卫的战术。
三后卫战术的弱点并不算特别多，但是例如球员没有占据正确的位置，换句话说，其他任何影响比赛的球员因素都可能造成这个战术的失败。
也许这就是足球和战术的美妙之处，没有一劳永逸的战术安排。球员们必须在训练场上努力训练，教练们也需要尽可能地提升自己。
一支球队决不能认为他们已经拥有了某种独一无二的阵型能够完美的适应所有比赛的所有情况。否则球队迟早会犯下错误。
对于任何一个教练来说，了解他的球队，清楚认识到队员的能力才是选择采用何种阵型最关键的前提。
原文：http://forzaitalianfootball.com/2012/09/calcio-coaching-an-overview-of-the-three-man-defence/
翻译的不错，顶一下 想要覆盖整个球场长度必须依赖于球员的体能，若是队中没有这种类型的球员，就不应该使用三后卫的战术。 以前代表学校打比赛的时候用的就是三后卫，表示很容易理解。 战术大师是怎样炼成的~~~~呵呵！！！ 好文章先顶再看！ 感谢分享！LZ辛苦。 就好比今凌晨打游击队的比赛我们就先是三后卫，后来变成了四后卫。 忽如一夜春风来,意甲流行3后卫阿 好久没回帖了，楼主辛苦！
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